CYBERSECURITY

There are several methods that can be used to carry out a DoS attack. Some of the most common include:

1. Ping flood: This involves sending a large number of ping requests to a target, with the goal of overloading the server and making it unable to respond to legitimate requests.
2. SYN flood: This type of attack involves sending a large number of SYN requests (a type of packet used to initiate a TCP connection) to a target, with the goal of exhausting the target's resources and making it unable to respond to legitimate requests.
3. HTTP flood: This involves sending a large number of HTTP requests to a target, with the goal of overwhelming the server and making it unable to respond to legitimate requests.
4. DDoS attack: A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack involves using a network of compromised computers (called a "botnet") to flood a target with traffic. This type of attack is particularly difficult to defend against, as it can involve traffic from many different sources.

It is important to note that DoS attacks can be difficult to defend against, as they often involve a large volume of traffic and can be difficult to trace to their source. However, there are a number of measures that organizations can take to protect against DoS attacks, such as implementing network firewalls and load balancers, and using rate limiting and traffic filtering techniques.

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MITM attacks can take many forms and can be difficult to detect, as the two parties may not realize that their communication has been compromised. Common techniques used in MITM attacks include interception of unencrypted communication, the use of spoofed IP addresses, and the use of malicious software or hardware to intercept communication.

MITM attacks can be highly successful, as they allow the attacker to gain access to sensitive information and potentially compromise the security of the two parties involved in the communication. It is important for individuals and organizations to be aware of the risks associated with MITM attacks and to take steps to protect themselves, such as by using encryption and implementing strong security measures.

There are different types of honeypots, ranging from low-interaction honeypots that are designed to collect information about potential attackers and their tactics, to high-interaction honeypots that are designed to closely mimic a real network or system and capture as much information as possible about the attackers and their methods.

Honeypots are often used as part of a larger security strategy, as they can help organizations to detect and defend against attacks, gather intelligence about potential threats, and understand the tactics and motivations of attackers. They can also be used to distract attackers and divert their attention away from more valuable resources.

One important thing to note about honeypots is that they should not be used as the primary means of protecting a network or system. They should be used in conjunction with other security measures, such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems, in order to provide a comprehensive security solution.

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Nmap is a security auditing tool used in the security field to actively enumerate a target system/network. It is one of the most extensively used tools by network administrators and conversely attackers for reconnaissance (enumeration), the first step in the 5 phases of hacking. Nmap is used to actively probe the target network for active hosts(host discovery), port scanning, OS detection, version details, and active services running on the hosts that are up. For this, Nmap uses the technique of sending packets and analyzing the responses. To learn more about please refer to the article Nmap.

Port Scanning is one of the features of Nmap wherein the tool detects the status of the ports on active hosts in a network. The status of the ports can be open, filtered, or closed. Type Nmap in the command line to run Nmap. Add necessary switches according to the scanning type to initiate a specific scan technique. 

Example: nmap -sS 192.168.0.1-192.168.0.52  

This command runs Nmap in TCP SYN scan type (-sS) and scans the given IP address range for active hosts and services.

Please refer to the article Port Scanningg to learn more about it.

Types of Port Status:

• Open: The open status means that the given port is open and is actively running a service.
• Filtered: The filtered status means that the respective port might be hidden behind a firewall and its status remains unknown.
• Closed: The closed state represents a given port is closed on the host machine.

Different Port Scanning Techniques in Nmap:

The following are the extensively used scanning techniques in Nmap: 

1. TCP Connect Scan (-sT): TCP Connect scan uses the concept of a full three-way handshake

If the connection does not exist (CLOSED) then a reset is sent in response to any incoming segment except another reset.  In particular, SYNs addressed to a non-existent connection are rejected by this means. 

What it essentially means is that if Nmap sends a TCP request to a closed port with its SYN flag set, then it receives a TCP packet with its RESET FLAG set from the target server. This tells Nmap that the specified port is closed. 
Otherwise, if the port is actually open, then Nmap receives a response with SYN/ACK flags set responding to the packet sent by Nmap with its SYN flag set. 
The third possibility is that if a port is filtered, most of the server's firewalls are configured to just drop incoming packets. Nmap doesn't receive any response back. This essentially means that the given port is running behind a firewall filtered.

PuTTY is available for Windows, Linux, and MacOS, and can be used to connect to a variety of network devices, including routers, switches, firewalls, and servers. It is a popular choice among system administrators and network professionals due to its versatility and wide range of features, including support for secure connections, customizable terminal emulation, and the ability to save and recall session configurations.

In addition to its use as a terminal emulator, PuTTY can also be used as a simple network client for various network protocols, such as SCP (Secure Copy) and SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol), allowing users to transfer files between systems over a network connection.

Learn more about PuTTY and Port scans

The seven stages of the cyber kill chain are:

1. Reconnaissance: The attacker gathers information about the target system and its defenses.
2. Weaponization: The attacker creates a payload (e.g., malware or ransomware) to deliver to the target system.
3. Delivery: The payload is delivered to the target system, often through phishing or other social engineering tactics.
4. Exploitation: The payload exploits a vulnerability in the target system to gain access.
5. Installation: The payload installs itself on the target system, often disguising itself to avoid detection.
6. Command and control: The attacker establishes a connection to the payload, allowing them to remotely control the compromised system.
7. Actions on objectives: The attacker carries out their objectives (e.g., exfiltrating data or disrupting operations).

Understanding the cyber kill chain can help organizations and individuals identify the different stages of an attack and take action to prevent or mitigate the impact of the attack.

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